![]() Think of a dog learning to sit in anticipation of a doggie treat, or, conversely, learning to go outside when nature calls because he was previously scolded for peeing on the rug. Both of these are part of something he called operant conditioning, which is basically learning through both punishment and reward an association is made between a particular behavior and its consequence. The two types of reinforcement he identified were, of course, positive reinforcement (a behavior that is strengthened by something like praise or reward) and negative reinforcement (a behavior that is strengthened by the removal of unfavorable outcomes). Skinner (1904–1990) is known for a few things in the world of psychology, and chief among them is the idea of reinforcement, which he describes as an event that strengthens a behavior. So, depending on the situation, one type of reinforcement may achieve greater results than the other. Where positive reinforcement is about adding something (positive), negative reinforcement is about detracting something (negative) to increase the likelihood of a desired outcome. ![]() It involves the removal of a negative condition, or aversive stimulus, in order to strengthen a positive behavior or outcome. Negative reinforcement is a bit more nuanced. Continuing to be on time at work helps to increase the chances of receiving a raise or recognition. When you were a kid, did you get a weekly allowance for doing chores? When you do well at your job, do you get raises, good reviews, or small perks? Reinforcing a child’s good behavior with positive outcomes (praise or rewards) will certainly help that child repeat the behavior. Positive reinforcement is actually something we’re all pretty familiar with. What is negative reinforcement, then? Is that about withholding praise? Scolding? Admonishing? ![]() Most people think that positive reinforcement means to lavish praise or encouragement, and that is a good part of its essence, but not all of it.
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